The most amazing thing about trees!

Tom Dunlap

Here from the beginning
Administrator
My niece sent me this link:

Water movement

Now I'm going to find out what is in a candle flame. On a winter wilderness trip many years ago we discussed this. My co-leader is a chemist so he gave a great explanation...which I've forgotten!
 
for an excellent discussion of this see M.H. Zimmerman Xylem Structure and The Ascent of Sap (Springer-Verlag, 1983). He has an updated text, too. Hard to wrap your mind around all this. It is amazing how it works--and how many ways it is accomplished by different tree species.
 
I remember hearing from a National Geographic program, that coastal Redwoods absorb 75% of their moisture from their canopy. Wouldn't that change the need for the tree to suck up moisture to such heights?
 
Thanks Tom for putting that link up there. That is a much more efficient packaging of the current thinking than I've been able to do! I tried something along those lines at a ISA chapter conference (probably Western but maybe Prairie chapter) and I don't think I got through...My clumsiness, I'm sure.
John Sperry at Utah was mentioned at the end of the piece as the source for the story. Sperry's collaborator (and my former employee and Forest Service colleague) Mel Tyree also worked out much of this.
The second edition of the book that Ward mentions is my handy source for much of this stuff: Tyree, M. and Zimmermann, M.H. 2002. Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. Published by Springer. Perhaps not an easy read for a beginner in plant physiology.

Mel retired from the FS a year back to take a position at a university in China. Martin Zimmermann passed away back in 1984 and was a real giant at this stuff during his career at Harvard.

The point I wanted to emphasize is the importance for these trees to avoid bubbles or emboli in their conducting xylem. Mel's worked on how some plants are able to refill or dissipate bubbles once they form, but it is hard work for a plant. The first boundaries in compartmentalization really function to stop embolism formation. In that way, they restrict infection.

The water moves from high pressure to low pressure, in other words, water flows downhill. Period. The trick with tall trees is that "downhill" with respect to energy potential is actually up the stem!
 
Is there an interruption to the wAter column when a branch is pruned or broken?

If so, it would seem like the area with the broken water columns would maybe correlate to the area of the tree that discolors/decays.
 
Yes, when conducting tracheids and/or vessels are cut, as with a pruning wound, and with the water column(s) under tension, as they usually are, emboli form in the conducting elements. The cut surface is suddenly at atmospheric pressure, which is way higher than the negative pressure (tension) proximal to the cut surface. So... water is hammered away from the cut surface. The plugging events to reduce that water movement begin more-or-less instantaneously with tylosis formation, in those species that do it. The pits in "safer" conifer tracheids are small enough so that bubbles have a hard time passing through. the pits in much wider vessels, say oak earlywood do have end plates that may have small enough perforations to limit the movement of bubbles. *But* a single vessel assembly might be 1 meter long, resulting in the movement of the bubble in for 1 meter, conceviably.
Now, this speaks to differences between branch pruning and topping or the cutting through a codominant stem. The pre-formed and induced plugging at the base of branches is pretty effective at limiting the propagation and passage of bubbles. Sure, branches are naturally shed as part of normal forest stand development. There are no such pre-formed or "ready to go" boundaries along a stem. So a cut stem will support a much greater passage of bubbles and formation of emboli.

Sorry, probably no one is reading any more!
 
I've been reading, too. Tyloses and emboli, phenols...ahhh

It is most certainly worth listening to the author of "Phenolics and Compartmentalization in the Sapwood of Broad leaved Trees*" (http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1997/ne_1997_smith-k_001.pdf) discuss these things.

Trying to understand how "pre-formed and induced plugging at the bases of branches" occurs and does not introduce emboli just the same as a deep wound to the vascular cambium on a stem would.

Any comments would be appreciated, Kevin and others.
 
That was a very good video.

I've been aware of what's in it for quite some time, but thought they did an exceptional job of presenting it.

Shared it on Facebook from my Redwood Forest page, and it got a lot more shares. I can see why it's popular.

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