Heresies 101: Trees don't have immune systems

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Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Heresies 101: Trees don’t have immune systems


In thinking about many of our recent posts on various problems with trees, I thought about starting a thread with the title, Some troubles with trees is just words.

We had discussed dead wood and deadwood; along with epicormic and epicormal, and the exchanges were rich and provocative. Those threads came to a kind of natural halt because the size and complexity of the dialogues made it difficult to slide in new comments.

It also seemed to me that we had wandered into the world of words, semantics, where words get mistaken for the things themselves and we’re not so much discussing the physical realities and facts about trees as we are the soft and puffy labels we give to miscellaneous chunks of our understandings. Again, none of this is any personal criticism, but we are in our feisty little arena where people can be fiercely challenged about what we seem to think they know and what they don't know.

Trying to step away from wulkowiczian wordiness, I saw Karen Armstrong on the Charlie Rose show a week ago. She was a Catholic nun, who left the Church, stumbled around a while, and apparently ended up as a well-respected writer about the histories of religions. As I listened, I enjoyed her language and focus on many different topics, but was most impressed by her comment about discussions and debates. She said, “… there’s no point in getting into a dialogue unless you are prepared to be changed by the encounter….”

I will try to keep that in mind in my presentations here in this series about what I think are the many different sands that get ground into the gears of learning and understanding. I’m not making any pronouncements about what I say or try to teach, and yes there is no doubt that I am opinionated and argumentative, but I really have tried to work hard at providing clarity for my sense of the world of trees.

In one previous thread, I was asked to provide a broader picture of what I thought about trees. In another, the author cautioned us about not confusing the worlds of animals and plants. I’d like to bang those two questions together and come up with a theme that doesn’t get lost in the global, and the same time gives us a chance to look at some specifics of science, education, and practical matters. So here it is:

Heresies 101


We live in a very complicated universe where the details are so vast and seemingly infinite in number that we would have a chronically boggled mind if we had tried to remember and catalog them all. So we don’t.

Evolutionally, we might prefer to just get through the day with a full belly, a warm den, and a reasonable probability that something larger with big teeth wouldn’t have us for a snack. That worked well as hunter-gatherers, but we did have opposable thumbs and a strange capacity to think, so we evolved intellectually at a much faster rate than our bodies. We have the additional problem that this rate of finding things out is almost exponential; it seems to be getting faster and faster in details that hardly have a chance to molt before we are given a new nest of factoids.

We are told our brains are hardwired and filled with defenses that served us rather well in the long course of our physical evolution. “Flee or fight.” “Being suspicious means staying alive.” “If it don’t smell right, don’t drink it.” “If it’s smaller than you and it runs: chase it.” “If it runs past something bigger than you, turn around and run away.”

All are very practical truths and if we didn’t have them, we’d be fossils uncovered by whales who got to be the next step in the evolutionary ladder because we sunk the planet. But I digress.

My series is Heresies 101 and the first discussion is: Trees don’t have immune systems

Someone can start, on one side or tuther, with the following posts hopefully keeping on topic, and all agreeing to be flexible in remembering ex-nun Armstrong’s comment about being “prepared to be changed by the encounter.”


Bob Wulkowicz
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PS: here’s the link to the show. It’s a worthwhile encounter.

http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11407

(Her New Book: Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life)
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Bob, Perhaps u remember a couple years back I invited you cow tipping. I also hang out with our friend professor Underwood in another venue and we once took an in depth look at your pre-girdling ideas. Good stuff.

Immune system
(Science: immunology) The body system, made up of many organs and cells, that defends the body against infection, disease and foreign substances. - biology-online.org

Clearly, trees have an immune system. Shigo taught us that the static condition designed to prevent injury is protection and the dynamic condition to survive after injury/infection is defense. But, perhaps there is more to the story than suberin, cell patterns, chemical boundaries and aged wood so forth and whatnot. There is evidence plants have an active signaling system that can request help from the soil. http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/545451/?sc=swtn
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Hope this doesn't broaden into philosophy too much, but I have always found it interesting to note that since trees are capable of defending themselves against predatory organisms, and humans are the biggest (size and numbers) pest that inflicts damage to trees, it is not necessarily coincidental that our industry has such an appalling safety record! I don't mean this as a joke either. Trees don't move, at least not on a time scale observable in a human generation, but they are certainly capable of adapting in such a way that they can defend themselves against all sorts of invasions.

I would call that an immune system.
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Zeb - If we stay on that thought process that the tree is defending itself, we have to take out the accidents that are a result of other objects or actions that are or could not have been from the tree (electrical contact, falls, contact with saw or chipper, transportation...). And if we do that, the amount of accidents will be substantially less.
Although, struck-by accidents are still the most common... So whats next?
How many of those accidents where the result of wood having been cut from the tree and then dropped out by the arborist? Those accidents wouldn't count then, right?
What about the people struck by falling trees that are being cut? Kind of the same thing too.
So really, the only accidents that would fit in that area are struck-by's would be accidents such as widow makers, branch failures (which i guess would/could be a fall accident) and other things like that. Which are very few in regards to the overall arborist accidents.

Also, in thinking about this, your argument would be like calling our defense against, bears lets say, would be part of our immune system.

I don't mean this to come across condescending, just sharing my thoughts. It sure got my gears turning!

Oh, this also reminds me of that commercial (sierra mist?) where the trees try and knock out the guy so he spills his pop and they can soak it up :)
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

I think this thread is more about how you feel opposed to the science. Do you believe.

Trees interact and/or react to organisms, themselves and the environment.

Consider these examples.

Companionship. 20 years ago as a municiple arborist I suggested we plant three trees in one space instead of one for obvious reasons( mimics a forest/healthier ecosystem. Trees grow better when their root system houses all the species specific flora and fauna. A family of trees is generally healthier than a sole tree.

Extinction when a geographically remote parasite is introduced. DED, Wilts etc.

Mychorrhizae. Tree health is drastically reduced when the environment is inhospitable to them
Add to this if you please!
Gaia: The worlds Immune System A theory proposed JAMES E. LOVELOCK.

Tree Immunity is a dynamic system and questions once again that in order to react or interact in the human interpretations of the words involves the thought or psychological process.
This is beyond anything I can imagine or dream. I believe trees can feel and share, simply because the world is based soley or souly on sharing and caring. We share some part of our DNA or life with every living thing on the planet.

I had a long day in Big Silver redn. so don,t beat me up to hard.
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Not quite clear on the subject premise of this thread...."Heresies...Trees don't have immune systems". Where is the heresy? Who said this?

I think there is no question that they do have immune systems proven through scientific experiment and illustrated in the 4 walls of the CODIT model. Wall 4 is the most extreme and obvious evidence. The long ago held annual week long tree biology seminars with Shigo in Boone, NC, had us wounding trees and then looking at them under our own microscopes to witness this first hand.

I will paraphrase a portion of "The Nature of Tree Care, Conversations with Alex Shigo", by Shigo and Phillips as not everyone might be lucky enough to have a copy of this...

"The Question of Soul....It may be more productive however not to ask if a tree has soul but to ask which qualities of soul can be found in trees. Definitions of soul commonly refer to vital and life sustaining principles and energies that coexist with a physical body. Integrity and harmony within an individual and within relationships are qualities of soul. Discovering these qualities in trees can help us to better understand and care for them.

Despite its bodily associations, soul is often conceived of as a force or entity that is separate or seperable from the physical self. For example when a person is thought of as having a body and a soul, the soul refers to a nonphysical part. This concept of soul would not easily apply to trees. The vital and life sustaining principles and energies (the "vitality") of trees are discovered through scientific observation of natural systems. We can make this distinction by referring to the biological soul of trees.

A word about the risks of applying human concepts to trees is in order. It is natural to use anthropomorphic language when speaking of other creatures, but this tendency can result in misconceptions about trees and even cause them harm.

The concept of "healing" is a harmful anthropomorphism. Trees do not heal; they compartmentalize wounds. Understanding this is difficult because of some basic differences in the responses of animals, non woody plants, and woody plants to injury. The failure to appreciate these differences has resulted in harmful practices intended to help trees to "heal" Treating tree injuries like human injuries fails to respect the biological soul of the tree.

(note...treevet...Shigo used to also point that people also used to think they could run into a tree with a car or throw axes at them and all you had to do is put "tree paint (bandaid)" on them and they would "heal" just like humans).

Another example of harmful anthropomorphism is the concept of pathogen. Trees and microorganisms have evolved in relationships that we might consider harmful. We generally regard infections in humans as pathological. If a healthy tree is defined as one without active infections.....then there is no such thing as a healthy tree. Again the failure to understand and respect the biological soul of trees and the imposition of our misconceptions has resulted in harmful tree care practices.

BIOLOGICAL SOUL....Anthropomorphic language, despite the risks, can be productive. While trees do not possess the ability to communicate in a human sense, their vitality depends on communication. Trees connect information in ways to improve the chances for survival. Trees, like all organisms, are a system of parts and processes designed for staying alive and continuing as a species. This system is based on receiving, communicating, and responding to new information.

The communication system is the network of living (parenchyma) cells connected by thin strands of living material called the plasmodesmata. This network is called the symplast. The symplast is connected to the cell generator (cambium) and initiates and regulates biological processes.

Compartmentalization is the framework for defense in trees, and this process provides a dramatic illustration of communication in trees. Wounding experiments have shown that the symplast regulates the activities of the vascular cambium by SENDING it messages. When trees were wounded with drill bits and later dissected, it was observed that the cambium need not be touched to respond. A barrier zone of specialized cells was formed by the cambium in response to injured cells elsewhere in the symplast. (best example...Wall 4...treevet)

These results are significant because they show that the cambium can receive messages from the symplast. This process has great survival value. If a tree is in trouble because of injury or infection, the cambium responds even if the problem has occurred elsewhere in the tree. This explains how barrier zones can form far in advance of injured tissue and demonstrates that survival in trees depends on the communication of new information.

Every biological process depends on receiving, communicating and responding to information. The growth and survival of an individual tree depends on the function of the symplast. But there is potential here for a serious misconception about the nature of trees. It would be a mistake to think of trees only as individuals, to believe that the biological soul of a tree is simply a matter of internal processes. The life of trees is ecological and communal. Trees grow and survive by forming relationships.

COMMUNAL LIFE......."
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

[ QUOTE ]
Not quite clear on the subject premise of this thread...."Heresies...Trees don't have immune systems". Where is the heresy? Who said this?

[/ QUOTE ]

You are quite correct in asking for a clarification. I am da heretic here in saying, “ Trees don't have immune systems.”

This is the first of a series of threads on what I don't believe and why. It is my job to be clear, crisp and convincing. I will use the literature, resources, and provide copies and URLs as I can, but it is my intention to make people think differently, and hopefully “to be changed by the encounter.”

I have explained many times, that when I first started to learn about trees, Shigo was my first teacher and was a man who would honestly answer, “I don't know” to a question from the audience. In asking and reading as much as I could back then, I was unsettled and disappointed by the number of resources that wouldn't admit to not knowing. Rather than leaving a space or a question mark hanging in the air, they would dutifully fill in a cliché or tidbit of mostly-dead dogma to get past the uncomfortable moment. Alex didn't do that.

Alex Shigo was a first-class heretic and I miss him. In another site I moderate, I have described the big bear as “a gentle revolutionary.” I want to extend his work into new areas and I have chosen Heresy 101 as the new lubricant.

As of this writing there are four thoughtful serious authors looking forward to the discussion and I have to get back to their answers. Just letting you know that I'm still alive. My disabled sister and I both fell on the ice last night and acted for all the world like upended turtles who hadn't thought ahead. It might've made a good YouTube video, but I digress…



Bob Wulkowicz
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

[ QUOTE ]


I am da heretic here in saying, “ Trees don't have immune systems.”

This is the first of a series of threads on what I don't believe and why. It is my job to be clear, crisp and convincing. I will use the literature, resources, and provide copies and URLs as I can, but it is my intention to make people think differently,

Bob Wulkowicz

[/ QUOTE ]

If you are as familiar with Alex as you imply, Wulky, then you would know another saying he was fond of was....

"Don't tell me what you are going to do.....tell me what you have done".
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Good luck with that one.

I got your call today and will call you back later. On the run right now.

Dave
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

I'm an outsider here. I realize that you guys know each other and look forward to your back and forth, but I hope it's OK to chime in.
I was lucky enough to attend an Alex Shigo lecture in the early 90's, well before I got professionally involved with trees and my perspective on trees has never been the same since. I once emailed Dr Shigo with a question and he wrote me a thoughtful letter addressing my question as best as it could be dealt with. He was truly committed to forwarding ideas that have merit new or old.
Many people here on the Buzz are clearly committed to understanding trees and while we may not all agree, I think many seriously good points have already been raised. So getting back on topic:
Immune system - in humans and presumably other creatures that we share most of our DNA with have internal systems that are like armies attacking invaders that cannot be allowed to get on with activities that will damage us. Our immune sytem may make us immune to future attacks because defenses have been erected.
1. CODIT - I think trees clearly have systems with the same goals. The whole CODIT defense is legitimately an immune response.
2. That trees, like other plants can manufacture chemicals in response insect attack and that response can be picked up also by trees with connected root systems and also by aerial insect predators is an active defense. Is it an 'immune system'? Close enough definitionally for me to include the idea.
3. And as has been mentioned already in this thread, that trees relationship with fungi is not straightforward. Fungi may act to help trees shed dead parts more quickly, limiting damage like tearouts by consuming weight and sharing the cost of 'shut down' of a limb that is badly damaged and no longer needed. I can't back this third point up. It's just something I made up for myself. Maybe it has merit.
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Nora,

Your third point might be the most important. We certainly dont know enough about a trees entire relationship with the environment. I believe that i have been a much better arborist once I started to view a tree as simply the above ground woody structure of a fungus. At this level, we would be talking about natures immune response, not just the "tree."
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

At this point I'd love to hear the counter-argument. I keep an open mind at all times.

Why don't trees have immune systems? Is it also true of other plants, or are trees unique in this way?

It seems intuitive to posit that trees have immune systems; the tree has developed mechanisms for responding to and defending against stressful external stimuli. Humans and animals have developed mechanisms which do simliar things. In humans we collectively call these mechanisms the immune system. If it is true in humans, it must be true in trees, right?

I think the biggest problem encountered in the comparison is that the immune system in humans and animals is centralized in the brain. What of the tree?

Perhaps the anthropomorphism is precisely the issue of discussion here. Perhaps we should develop language exactly reflecting the nature of the systems of these plants, rather than lumping similar tendancies into a definitively animal classification. While analogies may help us to understand, perhaps comprehensive understanding comes from being able to analyze information 'in its own right.'
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

I think Dylan may have struck the nail on the head. Wandering through Dr. Shigo's books, and I have all of them, and even wandering through all my other relative books like Schwarz, Sinclair, Luley, Pirone, Harris, etc etc....I find no mention of "immune system".

This is where most would contend with the arguement "oh, this is just a matter of semantics". Soooo, what's wrong with matters of semantics? Shigo was preoccupied with these matters and challenged us to improve our place in life by "defining our terms". Is healing compartmentalizing (not compartmenting)? No. I found while reading and re reading Modern Arb and NTB that from his first book to the next he began to seperate "callus" from "woundwood" because primarily of lignin content. So I began chatting that up on the forums.

People like Treeseer and SMc defiantly (and rebeliously in their minds) refuse to evolve from using the term "heal" and have contempt or maybe jealously towards our term definer, Dr. Shigo. Hey it is a lot easier to sell that concept to the public and clients.

Let's look at some of the relative words in this discussion....(in their relative definitions IMO...Webster's New World College)

Semantics. The branch of linguistics concerned with the nature, the structure and the development and changes of meanings of speech forms, or with contextual meaning. (contextual meanings? hmmmm)

Immune. Protection against something harmful or disagreeable. Not susceptable to some specific disease because of the presence of antibodies (hmmm).

Antibody. A specialized protein produced by certain lymphocytes especially in response to an antigen. To neutralize, thus creating immunity to (hmmm)

Antigen. A protein, TOXIN (hmm), or other substance of hi molecular weight to which the BODY reacts by producing antibodies.

Body. The whole physical structure of a human being, animal or plant (hmm)

System. A set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unity or organic whole

Immune system. The system that protects the body from disease by producing antibodies (biggest hmmm)
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

The fact that trees can compartmentalize, or close-over cavities and wounds is probably in itself essential to show evidence of an immune system.

Any other examples just explain it further.

It is also perfectly acceptable to use words like "heal" etc., in our profession, because culturally, other professions use figurative language too.

If others are not restricted from figures of speech, why should we be, provided we understand the difference?

Heck ... look at Wulkowicz OP about "bang" questions together or Treevet with "defense" of trees in his last reply. Or half the other posts here. If we all use figures of speech daily, why exclude them from teaching or talking about trees?


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Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Three more observations.

Crabapple undr planted with Taxus sps. with now foliar disease or insect attack and an idendtical species in the same neighbourhood in the same enviro with the typcical infections.

Overmature Hickory riddled with Gall and after a crown clean has barely shed a gall twig in 10 years.

Overmature Oak riddled with gall, scale and fungus after a 2 seasons of mulching and prune is doing well.

Mans intervention with application of simple culturing promotes a trees natural immunity to deter disease and insects.
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Mario, I noticed the crux of your argument seems to be: "If other professionals do it, then its acceptable for us to do it as well."

Also, if we are talking about accuracy and truth, why rely upon the crutch of denuding subject matter to a point from which understanding is accessible to the masses. Surely, like string theory in physics, some truths are esoteric, but isn't it the job of the professional to find away to relay that information? Consider Stephen Hawkings 'A Briefer History of Time.'

In all the years I have been selling and performing tree work, I have NEVER found it necessary to describe compartmentalization as 'healing,' particularly because it is not an accurate term.

Why not strive to represent ourselves as truthfully as possible and honour the unique nature of the organisms we work upon, which feed us, and which provide such benefit to us all?
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

Our clients can understand the difference between healing as it is understood and compartmentalizing. By taking the time to explain the difference we can also help the client understand proper pruning vs. the hack on spikes.


while immune system may invoke a certain idea for clients it is still accurate in describing how trees and forest systems react and the import of maintaining the health of their trees.
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

If we can come up with a valid argument for the idea that trees don't have immune systems, then we can go about arguing for the soundness of the idea or more importantly; the truth of the matter.

Let's have the argument for why trees don't have immune systems, at this point we are simply reaffirming what has already been stated earlier. Let me be clear that I am not yet equipped to provide the argument. I'm on the edge of my seat ;)
 
Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

[ QUOTE ]
Mario, I noticed the crux of your argument seems to be: "If other professionals do it, then its acceptable for us to do it as well."



[/ QUOTE ]

That's because Figures of Speech are virtually an art or a science.

They are legitimate deviations from literal speech, and in some cases are better than even the language alone.

Figures of Speech Wikipedia

Figures of Speech M. D. Vaden

There are over 200 figures of speech known to man. With over 30 variations of some. They are named, are used in several languages, and can be described in detail as to what each one does, including its limits.

Something I studied for quite some time.

So the "crux" isn't even who uses figures of speech, as much as the fact they exist and are legitimate ways to communicate. Basically a higher plateau of communication.

I think the importance hinges on whether the figure of speech is used right, and whether or not the speaker realizes the truth about an aspect of plant growth.

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Re: Heresies 101: Trees don\'t have immune systems

I found 727,000 scholary articles by googling “plant immune system”. Shigo compared the human immune system to a tree’s “response system” in Arboriculture in the 21st Century.

Bob, whatcha thinkin?
 

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