Living on the prairie, and in the Red River valley, I run into needlecast every year. As a matter of fact I already have 4-5 separate jobs lined up for this spring... Also, living in farm country, I have no problem getting my hand on Chlorothalonil. I have found that Bravo with Weatherstick has worked the best. Its primarily labeled for and widely used around here for beans.
I have not come across or heard of any soil injections or systemic fungicides for the fungus.
As for the fungus and younger trees, I have seen it on P. pungens around here as small as 15 inches tall...
I generally have gone by the guideline that if more than 50% of the branch whorls are effected, the tree is beyond treatment. Although, that is to say my guidelines vary between species and soil and growing conditions. For example a 20' blue spruce with about 50% infection all by its self in a open yard that otherwise looks healthy and vigorous, I will treat. On the other hand the same sized tree in a tight row planting, I may not treat. This is because without the proper ventilation the problem with only return in a few years. Of course these are my recommendations...
Hope that helps...