oak wilt
- Thread starter poetmk
- Start date
southsoundtree
Been here much more than a while
- Location
- Olympia, WA
We have few oaks in my direct service area, Olympia, WA, though nearby we have Oregon White Oak/ Geary Oak/ Quercus garryana (sp).
What species does oak wilt affect?
What species does oak wilt affect?
In my area (Western Michigan) it affects red, pin, black, and white oaks - white oaks are a bit more resistant. I went to a new client's property along lake michigan and there are a whole bunch of dead red oaks along the south of his property. I counted 30 in just one pass. I'm sure there are more.
- Location
- NW Chicago subburbs, Illinois
It's difficult to diagnose any disease from dead tissue. The University of MN is able to take out of state samples (http://pdc.umn.edu/services.htm) for a fee. You might want to call them first and tell them your situation to see if they can work with what you have.
guymayor
Branched out member
- Location
- East US, Earth
[ QUOTE ]
This may seem an elementary question, but is there a way to diagnose oak wilt from a tree that has been dead for 2-3 years?
[/ QUOTE ]yes look for spore mats
Under certain moisture and temperature conditions, compact masses of spore-producing fungal material, variously called "spore mats," "spore pads," "pressure mats," or "pressure pads" are sometimes formed on oak trees that have been killed by oak wilt (Fig. 4). These mats form just under the bark, in contact with both the bark and the infected sapwood of the tree. As the mats mature, they produce specialized structures that exert outward pressure on the bark (the "pressure pads") and cause it to split, providing a route for insects to reach the mats (Fig. 5).
Oak wilt spore mats emit a strong fruity or wine-like odor that attracts many different species of nitidulid beetles (Fig. 6), also known as sap beetles. As they feed on or tunnel through the spore mats, nitidulid beetles often accumulate fungal spores on the surface of their bodies.
labs take a lot of time and money and are seldom 100%. using your own eyes and brain is often good enough.
This may seem an elementary question, but is there a way to diagnose oak wilt from a tree that has been dead for 2-3 years?
[/ QUOTE ]yes look for spore mats
Under certain moisture and temperature conditions, compact masses of spore-producing fungal material, variously called "spore mats," "spore pads," "pressure mats," or "pressure pads" are sometimes formed on oak trees that have been killed by oak wilt (Fig. 4). These mats form just under the bark, in contact with both the bark and the infected sapwood of the tree. As the mats mature, they produce specialized structures that exert outward pressure on the bark (the "pressure pads") and cause it to split, providing a route for insects to reach the mats (Fig. 5).
Oak wilt spore mats emit a strong fruity or wine-like odor that attracts many different species of nitidulid beetles (Fig. 6), also known as sap beetles. As they feed on or tunnel through the spore mats, nitidulid beetles often accumulate fungal spores on the surface of their bodies.
labs take a lot of time and money and are seldom 100%. using your own eyes and brain is often good enough.
southsoundtree
Been here much more than a while
- Location
- Olympia, WA
[ QUOTE ]
We have few oaks in my direct service area, Olympia, WA, though nearby we have Oregon White Oak/ Geary Oak/ Quercus garryana (sp).
What species does oak wilt affect?
[/ QUOTE ]
Spoke to my wife about it. She is a forest pathologist. She said that white oaks have tyloses produced that block the fungus, whereas other affected species do not have this same chemical produced.
I don't ask her right away because I could inundate her with questions all day long, and she sometimes likes to have a break from being a dead-and-dying-tree-ologist, she likes me to develop my researching skills, and she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate.
We have few oaks in my direct service area, Olympia, WA, though nearby we have Oregon White Oak/ Geary Oak/ Quercus garryana (sp).
What species does oak wilt affect?
[/ QUOTE ]
Spoke to my wife about it. She is a forest pathologist. She said that white oaks have tyloses produced that block the fungus, whereas other affected species do not have this same chemical produced.
I don't ask her right away because I could inundate her with questions all day long, and she sometimes likes to have a break from being a dead-and-dying-tree-ologist, she likes me to develop my researching skills, and she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate.
guymayor
Branched out member
- Location
- East US, Earth
"white oaks have tyloses produced that block the fungus, whereas other affected species do not have this same chemical produced."
Tyloses are just plugs that are made of several compounds.
"she likes me to develop my researching skills"
sounds like a helpful helpmate, if she teaches you to fish.
"she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate."
gotta be super cautious if you work for the state.
Tyloses are just plugs that are made of several compounds.
"she likes me to develop my researching skills"
sounds like a helpful helpmate, if she teaches you to fish.
"she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate."
gotta be super cautious if you work for the state.
southsoundtree
Been here much more than a while
- Location
- Olympia, WA
[ QUOTE ]
"white oaks have tyloses produced that block the fungus, whereas other affected species do not have this same chemical produced."
Tyloses are just plugs that are made of several compounds.
"she likes me to develop my researching skills"
sounds like a helpful helpmate, if she teaches you to fish.
"she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate."
gotta be super cautious if you work for the state.
[/ QUOTE ]
Are you saying that the tyloses are just a little more specific way of talking about codit walls?
I'm always geeked to learn more, and more accurately.
Are tyloses specific to certain types of trees (angio/ gymnosperms??)?
"white oaks have tyloses produced that block the fungus, whereas other affected species do not have this same chemical produced."
Tyloses are just plugs that are made of several compounds.
"she likes me to develop my researching skills"
sounds like a helpful helpmate, if she teaches you to fish.
"she doesn't like to give out info unless it is full, complete, and accurate."
gotta be super cautious if you work for the state.
[/ QUOTE ]
Are you saying that the tyloses are just a little more specific way of talking about codit walls?
I'm always geeked to learn more, and more accurately.
Are tyloses specific to certain types of trees (angio/ gymnosperms??)?
"Tylosis (or Tyloses) - The outgrowth from a parenchyma cell through the pit cavity into a vessel, leading to its blockage. Usually, tylotic trees have restricted flow of water due to disease, adverse environmental conditions, or injury, plugging the xylem system and threatening the tree's survival. Tyloses are also utilized to characterize tree species in wood anatomy. For example, the American beech and black locust are two tree species characterized by tyloses in their heartwood. If a wood's permeability is low because of tyloses, it dries very slowly. It is also very difficult to treat wood with preservatives for use as outside lumber if it has abundant tyloses. For production of barrels, heavily utilized in the wine or whiskey industry, white oak (high number of tyloses) with its very low permeability is preferred to red oak (low number of tyloses). When wood is examined in transverse section, tyloses usually glisten."
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/trees/glossary.html
In a pathology course I took, it was stated that white oaks are more resistant to oak wilt due to the natural production of tyloses which restricts the progress of the pathogen and yet red oaks are MORE susceptible to oak wilt due to the tyloses PRODUCED in REACTION to the pathogen which then clogs their vascular system.
I found it interesting that the same substance was "life saving" in one species and "lethal" in another.
Sylvia
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/trees/glossary.html
In a pathology course I took, it was stated that white oaks are more resistant to oak wilt due to the natural production of tyloses which restricts the progress of the pathogen and yet red oaks are MORE susceptible to oak wilt due to the tyloses PRODUCED in REACTION to the pathogen which then clogs their vascular system.
I found it interesting that the same substance was "life saving" in one species and "lethal" in another.
Sylvia
- Location
- Grand Marais, MN
Tylosis is what kills the live oaks in response to infection...a tree killing itself.
Mycelia or the fungal mats do not live much beyond the death of the host but evidence of infection is visable, isolation tests will only grow secondary rotting organisms and lead to false diagnostics, blaming death on invaders that aren't pathogenic. That's what led to the failures of managing oak wilt's first mortalities in the South. They identified the wrong culprit and controls put to use were off target. The wrong chemical controls that mutated wilt's ability to react appropriately to tylosis-response, the disease became adaptable to vascular-cell plugging attempts and offspring developed endo-hyphae to perforate cell walls and transport itself beyond the phytoplasm gel blockage the tree created. Wilt's epidemic affect falls on the shoulders certain ego's who control the lab where responsibility was assigned almost 30 years ago.
That's my indictment and it's in the history books and is evidence of failure of modern foresty pathology, the science and application of.
Mycelia or the fungal mats do not live much beyond the death of the host but evidence of infection is visable, isolation tests will only grow secondary rotting organisms and lead to false diagnostics, blaming death on invaders that aren't pathogenic. That's what led to the failures of managing oak wilt's first mortalities in the South. They identified the wrong culprit and controls put to use were off target. The wrong chemical controls that mutated wilt's ability to react appropriately to tylosis-response, the disease became adaptable to vascular-cell plugging attempts and offspring developed endo-hyphae to perforate cell walls and transport itself beyond the phytoplasm gel blockage the tree created. Wilt's epidemic affect falls on the shoulders certain ego's who control the lab where responsibility was assigned almost 30 years ago.
That's my indictment and it's in the history books and is evidence of failure of modern foresty pathology, the science and application of.
KTSmith
Branched out member
- Location
- Maine, New Hampshire
I don't usually use CODIT to describe compartmentalization, except as a historical item, but sure, tylosis production as well as other plugging functions are part of Wall 1 in the CODIT model.
The "outgrowth" referred to in Sylvia's post, above, is the membrane of a companion parenchyma cell that is blown out of the parenychma cell and into the adjoining vessel in response to changes in pressure and bubble introduction. When you get a whole bunch of these happening in response to wounding and bubble formation, the vessel becomes plugged. In cross-section, you can see the tyloses in wood of some species. Black locust have a pretty opalescent, pearly look to them.
Sure, the same thing that protects tree tissues (like tyloses and other barriers) can also kill the tree but reducing the functioning volume of healthy wood. It's all a question of thresholds and dose!
The "outgrowth" referred to in Sylvia's post, above, is the membrane of a companion parenchyma cell that is blown out of the parenychma cell and into the adjoining vessel in response to changes in pressure and bubble introduction. When you get a whole bunch of these happening in response to wounding and bubble formation, the vessel becomes plugged. In cross-section, you can see the tyloses in wood of some species. Black locust have a pretty opalescent, pearly look to them.
Sure, the same thing that protects tree tissues (like tyloses and other barriers) can also kill the tree but reducing the functioning volume of healthy wood. It's all a question of thresholds and dose!
Thank you both, Reed and Kevin, for concisely clarifying this interesting phenomena. Until I took Prof Underwood's pathology class, I hadn't really "walked" the process through my mind. You both helped clarify it further.
A question or another clarification if you will: Reed mentions that the pathogen doesn't survive long after the host dies. In my class notes it states "fungus in branches dies soon after tree dies; fungus in trunk and roots may live for one to four years."
I am thinking this is because smaller diameter branches will fully die faster while the trunk and roots have more storage that will keep them a "suitable host environment" for the fungi to survive even though they are "dead". I would think, possibly, this would lead someone to believe that since the tree was "dead" (to all intents and purposes) there was no concern with spreading the disease. Where in reality, the pathogen was still viable for a time after visual demise due to the suitable environment.
Further notes state "Fungal mats cannot grow on trees with less than 20% moisture content". "Wood may also be chipped, burned or buried." So the recommendation of stripping off the bark of wood to be kept as firewood would hasten the drying time and eliminate the suitable environment for this pathogen.
However, I am wondering about the "buried" recommendation. Would this prolong the drying out of the host? Is there a possibility that if buried within root access of a live tree, that the live tree could contract this disease? Are we concerned about roots left from a tree that has succumbed to this disease infecting other trees even after it has "died"? (I am presuming that is why the protocol of digging a trench?)
Sylvia
A question or another clarification if you will: Reed mentions that the pathogen doesn't survive long after the host dies. In my class notes it states "fungus in branches dies soon after tree dies; fungus in trunk and roots may live for one to four years."
I am thinking this is because smaller diameter branches will fully die faster while the trunk and roots have more storage that will keep them a "suitable host environment" for the fungi to survive even though they are "dead". I would think, possibly, this would lead someone to believe that since the tree was "dead" (to all intents and purposes) there was no concern with spreading the disease. Where in reality, the pathogen was still viable for a time after visual demise due to the suitable environment.
Further notes state "Fungal mats cannot grow on trees with less than 20% moisture content". "Wood may also be chipped, burned or buried." So the recommendation of stripping off the bark of wood to be kept as firewood would hasten the drying time and eliminate the suitable environment for this pathogen.
However, I am wondering about the "buried" recommendation. Would this prolong the drying out of the host? Is there a possibility that if buried within root access of a live tree, that the live tree could contract this disease? Are we concerned about roots left from a tree that has succumbed to this disease infecting other trees even after it has "died"? (I am presuming that is why the protocol of digging a trench?)
Sylvia
KTSmith
Branched out member
- Location
- Maine, New Hampshire
Quite right, the trenching is to sever natural root grafts. Although it seems contradictory, I'd agree that the pathogen doesn't survive long after host death and that the fungus may persist for several years.
I don't know much about the buried angle. I don't think the disease is likely to be particularly transmissable from wood debris in the soil, as distinct from root grafts. The key thing is to prevent the vector insects from reaching the fungus and to break root grafts between living yet infected roots and healthy roots on adjacent trees.
I don't know much about the buried angle. I don't think the disease is likely to be particularly transmissable from wood debris in the soil, as distinct from root grafts. The key thing is to prevent the vector insects from reaching the fungus and to break root grafts between living yet infected roots and healthy roots on adjacent trees.
southsoundtree
Been here much more than a while
- Location
- Olympia, WA
Great to see in-depth knowledge. Thanks all for the discussion/ info.
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