Bracing without cabling

evo

Been here much more than a while
Location
My Island, WA
I just realized that this forum doesn’t have a cabling/bracing/propping sub group. These conversations haven’t been had enough here, and certainly have tapered off over the years. Even if not a very common discussion topic it’s a very relevant one that could have discussion and reference value for years.

Now here is the issue, I have a very large chubby, thick Douglas fir (think 25’ limbs and 5-8” diameter to 60’ up) I’m working with. Somewhere between 1/2 and 2/3rds of the way up there is a stem bifurcation nearly equal in diameter. However one of the two tops has been reduced only about 15’ above the union. If I cabled the two tops, the cabling would have less than 3” showing between the stems, and would require stopper terminations (like the rigguy). OR just taking a wrap or two with a dynamic system.

The tree is about 120’ tall. Failure would amount to a 20-24” 40’ tall Douglas fir landing squarely on the house below from 80’ up. Like I said one top is about 15’ and the other is 40’ so no option for the 2/3rds rule. The union itself is deeply included complete with a crack about 4’ down the stem dead center on the cross section.

This cabling and bracing stuff like this isn’t atypical around here, sometimes coupled with “reduction” (small topping!). But what is very atypical is reduction on this tree would be topping if we reduced it to the 2/3 cabling specs. The only solution I can think of, is about 4 sets of 3/4” bracing rods, stitching the stems, union, and crack together.

I’m no fool, and I’d at least take a core sample or very carefully inspect the drill chips for decay on the first hole or three). If a significant pocket of decay was present I’d abort and remove the tree. I feel that this tree is worth the effort and would be at least maintained for the next decade.

I’ve always heard and have been taught to brace a tree is always should be cabled. The only time I’ve gone contrary to that is with Japanese maples, and fruit trees (bracing only, and very low consequences if it failed). As well as a western red cedar, where I used rods in place of cables.

So I know there has been some different guidelines in Europe (Germany?) where bracing alone is enough as long as it’s above the union. And cases where a super low dynamic cable is sufficient.

Yes photos are important.
 
So it's a co dominant top? I would most likely recommend they remove the tree, if you bolt those parts together it won't be able to sway naturally it most likely already wasn't able to which leads to them breaking. If you brace that tree and it fails you could very likely be held liable, and imo it's probably going to fail, maybe not soon but 5 years of wind and it not being able to freely and naturally flex in that point and you might be hearing from them or their lawyer.
 
If you do the work to standard, and make certain that your proposal has sufficient disclaimers and that the client signs off on the work to be done this way, explaining that because of the condition of the top of the tree, a cable cannot be put in conventionally, and the only remaining option is to through bolt the top, I would think you would be in good shape...given that I'm not an attorney.


Personally, I'd try to get ahold of Dr. Tom Smiley at Bartlett, he's pretty much written the book on cabling and support systems.

You'll probably want to give him the courtesy of providing photos and accurate metrics.
 
Personally, I'd do a rod job upwards from the crack/ union as you suggest. Maybe reduction on the shorter stem's branches (and ongoing mtce to keep it "smaller") and I should think if the tree is healthy the higher stem will still grow (tree age dependant of course). Some of my past cabling is now way below the 2/3 in ANSI after years of putting on new growth, some of the peened rod ends are now buried in new growth and all seems good with movement at the original crack isolated and grown over. I have a look at these every two to three years for free, just for the climbing, for folks that have trees I've worked on very near structure.
As for legalities, customer should realize (be told) that even if you use rods and stabilize the co-dom stems, it's possible the whole darn tree could uproot anyway in a huge storm and end up in a bad place - you're not a structural engineer and can only follow "good practice" and sometimes mother nature does what she will. If they can't live with that, tree maybe shouldn't be there in the first place and out she comes . . . . .
My perhaps warped 2 centz this AM.
Cheers.
 
Personally, I'd do a rod job upwards from the crack/ union as you suggest. Maybe reduction on the shorter stem's branches (and ongoing mtce to keep it "smaller") and I should think if the tree is healthy the higher stem will still grow (tree age dependant of course). Some of my past cabling is now way below the 2/3 in ANSI after years of putting on new growth, some of the peened rod ends are now buried in new growth and all seems good with movement at the original crack isolated and grown over. I have a look at these every two to three years for free, just for the climbing, for folks that have trees I've worked on very near structure.
As for legalities, customer should realize (be told) that even if you use rods and stabilize the co-dom stems, it's possible the whole darn tree could uproot anyway in a huge storm and end up in a bad place - you're not a structural engineer and can only follow "good practice" and sometimes mother nature does what she will. If they can't live with that, tree maybe shouldn't be there in the first place and out she comes . . . . .
My perhaps warped 2 centz this AM.
Cheers.
I would agree with that. Personally, I think that if the wood is solid, simply bolting the trunks together, with multiple large bolts, and as high as possible, the tree should hold.

Do always cover your rear though, my cabling quotes always state that the cables are installed “to reduce the risk of failure”. Never use “prevent” or you may put yourself in a legal pickle.
 
Topping is the only option. Oh sorry crown reduction. Removal is the last choice. Mother nature will do it for you eventually. Have some balls and preserve a large living organism. Primary duty as an arborist is mimicing nature not removing.
 
I prefer to see reduced tree over removal. I believe and it's been my experience most people do as well. Topping is bad but removal is worse and cowardly. Extend the life of a tree and the value of a property and future work..plus it shows a greater level of thoughtfulness and practical and acedemic knowledge to gain client confidence
 
As you can probably imagine, I've spent my share of time in the tops of co-dom doug firs. I do a little bit of cabling, but don't get into bracing so my experience in this whole area is somewhat limited, I'm sure yours is much more extensive. They can be a real mixed bag and I often see ones I consider 'structurally unsound' that are still very large and old, however those are usually in the woods where failure wouldn't be a safety issue. Around homes, the risk calculation is very different. On the other hand, I've seen plenty that showed no obvious signs of issues other than a little jog in the trunk have massive internal decay and failures like the attached photo.

I guess my biggest thought then is step one is more information in the form of an in-tree inspection and a core sample like you already mentioned. Obviously the brace/cable combo is ideal in terms of strengthening, but if that isn't an option, bracing is still better than nothing, right? Often management is a game of the 'least bad' option which may also include target reduction of the large top (topping if we need to call it that), which will require additional management and long term maintenance, thus cost to the customer they will need to understand and accept.

0 top 04.jpg
 
Disclaimer, I'm in Ohio...we don't work on this trees of scale much!

If it splits out, is the 40' the more likely one to come off? If so, I wonder why the other was reduced? Does that side have a target as well?

If you cable near the top of the 15' section, that is, essentially, no different than a brace rod, right? Would allow a little more side to side movement, but otherwise function very similar.

P. 28 of the 2013 BMP:
"... Usually, when weak unions are braced, at least one cable is installed for added support before installing the brace rod(s). In cases where it is impractical to install cables, rod can be used alone, but the strength gain will be less, and there will be more stress on the rod..."

I didn't see anything in the ANSI standard saying the need to be used in conjunction (but didn't read every word looking). I see these threads as learning opportunities for me so I pulled out the books.

By the chart, 20-40" diameter calls for 3/4" rod at least 3 rods(+1 for each 8" over 30").

Based on everything so far, I'd brace it x3... maybe 4 rods as you described. Obviously at least one 20" above top of union. I'd only reduce limbs if they are putting excessive load on the tall trunk.
 
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From the armchair in Texas...what about removing the 15' stem, at least to the part you'd brace? I don't know how well doug firs compartmentalize, but it would reduce some pressure on the taller fork in the long term. It sounds like the two stems are really close together and you'd need the support the entire length of the smaller leader.
It's kind of like in the movie Speed when Keanu Reeves' solution was to shoot the hostage.
 
Thinning can be a very effective way to reduce wind sail on a conifer. If those efforts are focused on the upper 1/2 to upper 1/3 of the taller co-dom, it may work along with the fiber style cable encompassing both leaders. I prefer this much more than simply topping, as it leaves more options on the table for future management, and doesn’t throw off auxin pathways.

The thinning could be something like removing 1 in every 3 or 4 laterals. We work with Eastern White Pines and various Spruce trees in our area that pose similar issues. Sometimes we taper the thinning ratio throughout the entire co-dom, being more aggressive up top and less aggressive toward the co-dom. Bracing rods or non-invasive fiber support chosen case by case, with considerations such as long term goals, species specific CODIT capabilities, etc… I’m sure you get the picture.

This all goes along with the client accepting the risk in written form. We do have a good number of clients that are thinking well beyond their own immediate needs, and consider the following generations as well.

I’ve been in several older homes in my area that were complete with built in cubbies made specifically for storing the structural plans of the building. I often thought it would be great for tree and landscape professionals to offer plans and documents that lay out all the work ever done. The next owner gets the benefit of these records which can help inform decisions in the future. Maybe a tree was aggressively reduced with plans for removal by a specific date, allowing something in the understory to establish. That sort of thing would be nice to know IMO. These master plans work for parks and municipalities, so why not for private land owners?
 
Be careful with thinning to reduce wind load. It often has the opposite effect. Here is one article about crown reduction and increasing load.


I've also hear Frank Rinn talk about how a fill canopy breaks the wind for the leeward side of the canopy. If you thin the tree, now that load is being pushed on more branches so it is a greater force.

I think what you described @oceans is a little different because taking every few branches isn't either of the circumstances described above. I'd assume that would decrease wind load...but I'd have also assumed reduction "general thinning" would too...and they don't.
 
Thanks for the thoughts. This one is certainly a puzzle. In my personal view crown reduction on the Height of a conifer IS topping, as the tree will simply throw out new tops and then you have a codom higher up.
I’m not sure if one of the two tops broke or was reduced, but I have done reductions on one of the two stems to subordinate it’s growth.
Generally Douglas fir is a great complementizer.
Removal of the smaller stem is a non option and would do nothing to support the union or crack.
I’m confident enough at the lack of decay volume.
The tree is very healthy, super nice crown complete with 8” diameter limbs to about the 20’ mark.
I don’t have photos of the tree and it’s position related to the house, but the house is under the drip line, by a solid 25%. The trunk is about 15’ from the house, and the bigger top is the likely one to break, squarely ontop of the house!
There is certainly a crack, straight thought but it’s ‘not that bad’ PNW arbs will know what I’m talking about.
D0E14FA2-96BF-4E86-B334-18C73F990DE5.jpeg
8FB2468B-2736-455C-888F-AD7436643034.jpeg
 
These photos show the extent of the crack first is the bottom in a overlap working up the stem. This is the worst side.
The homeowner calls this ‘the grandmother’ tree, and I have the vibe that she will be fertilizer before this tree is allowed to be removed. So I am left with how to make it better…949263B2-1BAE-47BF-9FDB-C5030F0D1A49.jpeg029A6FA2-E16F-4C66-BCE0-9ED31C2967A1.jpegCAB8D426-D41C-4DBA-BBCB-74B631C90761.jpeg8EBD66AC-1973-4E7C-937F-2CB87A671DD7.jpeg
 
Thank you for the pictures! In my opinion, from what I can see in the pictures, I think bolting it together with as many bolts as you can reasonably use as a good plan, and then perhaps put one cable, with wedge grips on the ends, as high up as you can possibly put it.
 
Be careful with thinning to reduce wind load. It often has the opposite effect. Here is one article about crown reduction and increasing load.


I've also hear Frank Rinn talk about how a fill canopy breaks the wind for the leeward side of the canopy. If you thin the tree, now that load is being pushed on more branches so it is a greater force.

I think what you described @oceans is a little different because taking every few branches isn't either of the circumstances described above. I'd assume that would decrease wind load...but I'd have also assumed reduction "general thinning" would too...and they don't.
I’m talking specifically about Pine and Spruce, and my experience with this technique. When topping will leave lasting damage and concern in the future, the thinning I’ve described can maintain the natural shape and stature of a tree while reducing potential for failure.

One thing I often point out to clients, which is bolstered by the study you’ve shared, is that removing a tree may very well leave a remaining adjacent tree much more susceptible to wind throw. That stand in numbers, and removing a front line surely affects the second line.
 
A crack is different than a bad inclusion.

Topping a conifer can be done blindfolded. A reduction accounts for the biology.

Reduction may need follow- up care after a few years. And then onward at greater intervals.




I'd vote for a 20'-ish reduction, bolts and cable.

If you can cable with 3" showing, consider a rod instead of the cable.
 

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